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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

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Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
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Maturation of Endosomes01:28

Maturation of Endosomes

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The early endosome containing internalized molecules matures through transformations in its location, morphology, intraluminal pH, and membrane protein composition. Together, these changes result in a more acidic late endosome that contains multiple intraluminal vesicles; therefore, the late endosome is also called a multivesicular body (MVB).
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Live Cell Imaging of Early Autophagy Events: Omegasomes and Beyond
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Autophagy and mammalian development.

Xiaoting Wu1, Hyeran Won, David C Rubinsztein

  • 1*Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, U.K.

Biochemical Society Transactions
|November 22, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autophagy, a cellular recycling process, is crucial for embryonic development. Disruptions in autophagy genes lead to developmental defects and embryonic lethality in mice, highlighting its essential role.

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Autophagy is a conserved cytoplasmic degradation pathway implicated in immunity, cancer, and neurodegeneration.
  • Emerging evidence suggests critical roles for autophagy in embryogenesis and development.
  • Autophagy interacts with key developmental signaling pathways, including Wnt, Shh, TGFβ, and FGF.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of mammalian autophagy on developmental phenotypes.
  • To explore the regulatory functions of autophagy in cell fate decisions during development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on autophagy and development.
  • Analysis of data from autophagy gene-knockout mouse models.
  • Examination of interactions between autophagy and developmental pathways.

Main Results:

  • Autophagy gene knockout in mice results in embryonic lethality at various developmental stages.
  • Autophagy influences crucial developmental pathways regulating cell differentiation and proliferation.
  • Interactions between autophagy and signaling pathways like Wnt, Shh, TGFβ, and FGF are critical for development.

Conclusions:

  • Mammalian autophagy plays a significant role in embryonic development.
  • Dysregulation of autophagy can lead to developmental abnormalities and embryonic lethality.
  • Understanding autophagy's role is key to deciphering developmental processes and associated disorders.