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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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Histone Modification02:32

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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Author Spotlight: Getting an A with the 3Cs: Chromosome Conformation Capture for Undergraduates
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The links between chromatin spatial organization and biological function.

Alejandro Rodriguez1, Pernilla Bjerling

  • 1*Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology (IMBIM), Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.

Biochemical Society Transactions
|November 22, 2013
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chromatin organization impacts genome function. New techniques reveal how chromosome territories and nuclear compartments influence gene activity and replication, especially in response to stimuli.

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear organization and genome function
  • Cellular biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Recent advances have significantly increased understanding of nuclear chromatin organization.
  • Chromosome territories (CTs) and their spatial arrangement within the nucleus are established.
  • The relationship between spatial organization and genome function is a key area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding chromosomal spatial organization and genome function.
  • To focus on insights gained from mammalian cells and the model organism Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
  • To highlight the interplay between nuclear architecture and gene regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for visualizing chromosome territories.
  • Chromatin conformation capture (3C) techniques for analyzing spatial interactions.
  • DNA adenine methyltransferase identification (DamID) for mapping gene locations.

Main Results:

  • Chromosomes organize into distinct chromosome territories (CTs).
  • Specific chromosomal regions interact, influencing replication timing and gene expression.
  • Transcriptionally repressed genes associate with the nuclear membrane, while active genes are more central.

Conclusions:

  • Nuclear spatial organization is intrinsically linked to genome function.
  • Dynamic relocalization of repressed regions can lead to gene activation.
  • These findings are crucial for understanding gene regulation and cellular responses.