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Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular...

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.

Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration...

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Characterization of a Novel Human Organotypic Retinal Culture Technique

Characterization of a Novel Human Organotypic Retinal Culture Technique

Published on: June 9, 2021

[Complement system and diabetic retinopathy].

Bing-qing Zheng¹, Zhi Zheng

¹Department of Ophthalmology, First People's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, China.

[Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi] Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology

|November 22, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The complement system, crucial for immunity, is implicated in diabetic retinopathy (DR) pathogenesis. Understanding this link offers new avenues for DR prevention and treatment.

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Ophthalmology
Molecular Biology

Context:

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness in diabetic patients.
The precise mechanisms driving DR pathogenesis remain incompletely understood.
The complement system, a key part of innate immunity, has diverse biological functions.

Purpose:

To explore the role of complement system activation in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.
To investigate the link between complement pathways and DR development.

Summary:

The complement system, activated via classical, alternative, or mannose-binding lectin pathways, mediates functions like cytotoxicity and inflammation.
Evidence suggests complement system activation is involved in the development of diabetic retinopathy.
This connection highlights potential therapeutic targets for managing DR.

Impact:

Findings provide a foundation for developing novel strategies for diabetic retinopathy prevention and treatment.
Elucidating the complement system's role in DR may lead to improved patient outcomes.
This research contributes to understanding the complex interplay between metabolic disease and immune responses.