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Brain Imaging

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

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¹Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden.

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Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

New advancements in deep brain stimulation (DBS) hardware and techniques offer improved precision and personalized therapy. Innovations include current steering, adaptive stimulation, and advanced imaging for better targeting and reduced side effects.

Keywords:

Deep brain stimulation Innovations MRI Parkinson's disease Stereotactic surgery Techniques

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Area of Science:

Neurosurgery
Biomedical Engineering
Neurology

Background:

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) hardware and stimulation delivery methods have seen limited evolution over the past 25 years.
Existing DBS technology faces challenges in precise targeting and minimizing off-target effects.

Purpose of the Study:

To review emerging technologies in deep brain stimulation (DBS).
To highlight advancements in hardware, stimulation delivery, and targeting for improved therapeutic outcomes.

Main Methods:

Review of novel implantable pulse generator (IPG) features enabling current fractionation.
Analysis of directional leads for selective current steering and anatomically conforming electric fields.
Exploration of closed-loop adaptive stimulation systems that track and suppress pathological brain activity.
Examination of advances in neuroimaging for precise DBS target identification and navigation.

Main Results:

New IPG technology allows for variable current distribution across multi-polar lead contacts.
Directional leads facilitate precise stimulation delivery, conforming electric fields to brain targets and avoiding adjacent structures.
Closed-loop systems offer 'on-demand' stimulation, responding to detected pathological brain activity.
Advanced imaging aids in identifying new DBS targets and enhances surgical accuracy, reducing risks associated with microelectrode recording.

Conclusions:

Emerging DBS technologies promise more personalized and effective treatments.
Innovations in hardware, adaptive algorithms, and imaging are poised to refine DBS therapy, improve efficacy, and minimize side effects.