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The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) serves as the primary classification system for mental health disorders, providing standardized diagnostic criteria for clinicians and researchers. First published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 1952, the DSM has undergone several revisions to reflect evolving psychiatric understanding. The fifth edition, DSM-5, released in 2013, introduced key updates that expanded diagnostic categories and modified diagnostic...
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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Updated: May 5, 2026

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats
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Suicides - United States, 2005-2009.

Alex E Crosby, Lavonne Ortega, Mark R Stevens

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    |November 23, 2013
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    Summary

    Self-directed violence, including suicide, is a major cause of death and disability in the U.S. This complex issue impacts all racial/ethnic groups, despite common misperceptions.

    Area of Science:

    • Public Health
    • Epidemiology
    • Mental Health Research

    Background:

    • Self-directed violence, encompassing suicidal behavior, is a significant public health concern in the United States.
    • In 2009, suicide ranked as the 10th leading cause of death, resulting in 36,909 fatalities.
    • The economic burden of self-directed violence was substantial, estimated at $41.2 billion in 2005, with significant productivity losses.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To highlight the broad impact of self-directed violence across all demographics.
    • To address the misperception that self-directed violence primarily affects non-Hispanic white males.
    • To underscore the multifaceted nature of suicide, influenced by various factors.

    Main Methods:

    • This study synthesizes existing data on mortality and economic costs related to self-directed violence.

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  • Analysis includes national statistics on suicide rates and associated financial impacts.
  • The research examines demographic data to understand the reach of self-directed violence across different groups.

    • Main Results:

    • Suicide remains a leading cause of death and disability in the U.S.
    • Self-directed violence affects all racial and ethnic groups.
    • Economic costs include substantial productivity losses and medical expenses.

    Conclusions:

    • Self-directed violence is a complex issue with biological, psychological, social, political, and economic determinants.
    • Public health initiatives should address the pervasive nature of suicide across all populations.
    • Challenging misperceptions about who is affected is crucial for effective prevention strategies.