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Updated: May 5, 2026
Diffusion Imaging in the Rat Cervical Spinal Cord
Published on: April 7, 2015
Hadamard slice encoding for reduced-FOV diffusion-weighted imaging
Emine Ulku Saritas1, Daeho Lee, Tolga Çukur
1Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bilkent University, Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey; National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey.
Purpose:
To improve the clinical utility of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) by extending the slice coverage of a high-resolution reduced field-of-view technique.
Theory:
Challenges in achieving high spatial resolution restrict the use of DWI in assessment of small structures such as the spinal cord. A reduced field-of-view method with 2D echo-planar radiofrequency (RF) excitation was recently proposed for high-resolution DWI. Here, a Hadamard slice-encoding scheme is proposed to double the slice coverage by exploiting the periodicity of the 2D echo-planar RF excitation profile.
Methods:
A 2D echo-planar RF pulse and matching multiband refocusing RF pulses were designed using the Shinnar-Le Roux algorithm to reduce band interference, and variable-rate selective excitation to shorten the pulse durations. Hadamard-encoded images were resolved through a phase-preserving image reconstruction. The performance of the method was evaluated via simulations, phantom experiments, and in vivo high-resolution axial DWI of spinal cord.
Results:
The proposed scheme successfully extends the slice coverage, while preserving the sharp excitation profile and the reliable fat suppression of the original method. For in vivo axial DWI of the spinal cord, an in-plane resolution of 0.7 × 0.7 mm(2) was achieved with 16 slices.
Conclusion:
The proposed Hadamard slice-encoding scheme doubles the slice coverage of the 2D echo-planar RF reduced field-of-view method without any scan-time penalty.
