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People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about...
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Humanistic psychology emerged in the mid-20th century as a response to the deterministic and pessimistic nature of behaviorism and psychoanalysis. While behaviorism focused on observable behaviors influenced by the environment and psychoanalysis delved into unconscious motivations, both theories suggested that human actions lacked free will. In contrast, humanistic psychology offers a perspective that emphasizes the innate potential for goodness and growth within every individual.
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Another way in which a group presence can affect performance is social loafing—the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group. Social loafing occurs when our individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group. Thus, group performance declines on easy tasks (Karau & Williams, 1993). Essentially individual group members loaf and let other group members pick up the slack. Because each individual’s efforts cannot be evaluated,...
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Karen Horney's psychoanalytic theories emphasize the potential for self-realization and the importance of addressing social and cultural, rather than biological, factors in personality development. She challenged traditional Freudian views, particularly Freud's concept of "penis envy," which she argued stemmed from cultural influences rather than inherent biological differences. Horney believed that any sense of inferiority in women was a result of societal conditioning, such as...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

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Workaholism: A Review.

Steven Sussman1

  • 1Departments of Preventive Medicine and Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.

Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy
|November 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Workaholism, a negative addiction, involves excessive work, preoccupation, loss of control, and negative consequences. Understanding its causes, measurement, and treatment is crucial for well-being.

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Occupational Health
  • Addiction Studies

Background:

  • Workaholism is characterized by excessive work, preoccupation, and negative consequences.
  • Its etiology is unclear, potentially linked to compulsive personality traits and work as a primary gratification source.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the definition, etiology, measurement, prevention, and treatment of workaholism.
  • To identify limitations and suggest future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search.
  • Analysis of existing research on workaholism parameters and characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Workaholism is defined as a negative addiction with excessive work, preoccupation, loss of control, and negative outcomes.
Keywords:
AddictionConsequencesWorkaholism

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  • Current measurement relies on self-report questionnaires, with ongoing refinement.
  • Prevention and treatment strategies involve intra- and extra-personal approaches.

    • Conclusions:

    • Workaholism presents significant negative social, emotional, and health consequences.
    • Further research is needed to clarify etiology and refine assessment and intervention strategies.