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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

1.9K
The human body maintains a precise pH range of arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45. Deviations result in either acidosis (pH < 7.35) or alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These conditions are further classified as respiratory or metabolic disorders based on their underlying cause.
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis occurs due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2 in the blood. It often arises from shallow breathing or impaired gas exchange caused by...
1.9K
Acid-Base Balance01:25

Acid-Base Balance

2.5K
The human body maintains a narrow pH range regulated through acid-base balance. This balance is crucial as changes in the hydrogen ion concentration can disrupt cell membrane stability, alter protein structures, and change enzyme activities. The normal pH of arterial blood is 7.4, venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.35, and intracellular fluid averages 7.0.
When the pH of arterial blood rises above 7.45, it results in a condition called alkalosis. Conversely, a drop below 7.35 leads to...
2.5K
Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis01:24

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis

1.6K
Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
Next, the PCO2  and...
1.6K
Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases02:58

Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

78.2K
The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...
78.2K
Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

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Metabolic reactions in the body produce nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid, which generate an acid load of approximately 1 mEq of H+ per kilogram of body weight daily. Excreting H+ in the urine is essential to balance this acid load.
In the kidneys, cells within the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and the collecting ducts secrete hydrogen ions (H+) into the tubular fluid. Specifically, in the PCT, Na+/H+ antiporters secrete H+ while reabsorbing Na+.
However, the intercalated cells in...
2.5K
Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:18

Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

2.3K
Respiratory compensation is a vital physiological process that stabilizes blood plasma pH by regulating the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), a key determinant of pH levels. Most carbon dioxide in the blood dissolves and converts into carbonic acid (H2CO3). It dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3⁻). There is also an inverse relationship between PCO2​​ and pH.
When carbon dioxide levels increase in the blood, more H+ and HCO3⁻ are...
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Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System
09:41

Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System

Published on: November 19, 2017

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Toxicologic acid-base disorders.

Sage W Wiener1

  • 1Department of Emergency Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Box 1228, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, Kings County Hospital Center, 451 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York City Poison Control Center, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.

Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
|November 27, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Poisoning can cause acid-base disorders. This review offers a systematic toxicologic approach to identify, diagnose, and manage these complex patient presentations.

Keywords:
Acid-baseAcidemiaAlkalemiaAnion gapDelta gapOsmol gapToxicity

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Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Internal Medicine
  • Emergency Medicine

Background:

  • Acid-base disorders are common complications in poisoning cases.
  • A structured approach is crucial for effective patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a toxicologic perspective on approaching acid-base disorders in poisoning.
  • To aid clinicians in identifying underlying processes and formulating differential diagnoses.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and clinical guidelines.
  • Systematic framework for diagnostic reasoning.

Main Results:

  • Identification of key acid-base disturbances associated with toxic ingestions.
  • Outline of a systematic diagnostic and management strategy.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding acid-base physiology in toxicology is essential for patient care.
  • A systematic approach improves the diagnosis and management of poisoning-induced acid-base disorders.