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Related Concept Videos

Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

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When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
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Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

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Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
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Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

Drug Toxicity: Overview

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Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...
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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
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Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions01:16

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

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Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...
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Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

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Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
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Functional Evaluation of Biological Neurotoxins in Networked Cultures of Stem Cell-derived Central Nervous System Neurons
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Central nervous system toxicity.

Anne-Michelle Ruha1, Michael Levine

  • 1Department of Medical Toxicology, Banner Good Samaritan Medical Center, Center for Toxicology and Pharmacology Education and Research, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 925 East McDowell Road, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA.

Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
|November 27, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Xenobiotic exposure can cause central nervous system (CNS) toxicity, leading to emergency department visits. Symptoms range from confusion and psychosis to lethargy, coma, and seizures.

Keywords:
Agitated deliriumAltered mental statusCNS depressionCNS toxicityDrug-induced seizures

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Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Neurology
  • Emergency Medicine

Background:

  • Central nervous system (CNS) toxicity from xenobiotic exposure is a frequent cause for emergency department (ED) visits.
  • Exposure sources are diverse, including medicinal, recreational, environmental, and occupational.
  • Toxicity can impact cognition, arousal, and consciousness, potentially leading to seizures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the clinical presentation and sources of xenobiotic-induced CNS toxicity.
  • To highlight the spectrum of neurological manifestations requiring emergency medical attention.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical presentations associated with xenobiotic exposure.
  • Categorization of exposure sources and resulting neurological effects.

Main Results:

  • Xenobiotic exposure presents a significant challenge in emergency medicine.
  • Manifestations include altered thought content (psychosis, confusion), impaired arousal (lethargy, stupor, coma), and seizures.
  • Diverse origins of exposure necessitate broad diagnostic considerations.

Conclusions:

  • Prompt recognition and management of xenobiotic-induced CNS toxicity are crucial in the ED setting.
  • Understanding exposure routes and clinical signs aids in diagnosis and treatment.
  • Further research into specific xenobiotics and their neurotoxic mechanisms is warranted.