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Related Concept Videos

Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Mutations01:35

Mutations

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Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
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X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

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German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with...
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Radiation: Applications01:17

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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Cellular Injury II: Classification01:21

Cellular Injury II: Classification

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Cellular injury is any process that disrupts a cell’s ability to maintain homeostasis, leading to structural or functional changes. It is broadly classified based on etiology (cause) and mechanism of damage.Classification by EtiologyCellular injury may result from several causes. Hypoxic injury happens due to reduced oxygen delivery, most commonly from inadequate blood supply, such as arterial obstruction; for example, coronary artery thrombosis can cause myocardial infarction. Chemical...
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum02:37

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

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The electromagnetic spectrum consists of all the types of electromagnetic radiation arranged according to their frequency and wavelength. Each of the various colors of visible light has specific frequencies and wavelengths associated with them, and you can see that visible light makes up only a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Because the technologies developed to work in various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are different, for reasons of convenience and historical...
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Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
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Ionizing radiation injuries and illnesses.

Doran M Christensen1, Carol J Iddins, Stephen L Sugarman

  • 1Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site (REAC/TS), Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), PO Box 117, MS-39, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.

Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
|November 27, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Emergency practitioners often lack experience with radiation injuries. This review covers essential terms, physics, radiobiology, and medical management for diagnosing and treating radiation exposure and contamination.

Keywords:
Acute local radiation injuryAcute radiation syndromeCutaneous radiation syndromeCutaneous syndromeHematopoietic syndromeNuclearRadiological

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Area of Science:

  • Emergency Medicine
  • Radiology
  • Radiation Biology

Background:

  • Radiation contamination incidents are rare, leading to limited practical experience among emergency practitioners.
  • Exposure to ionizing radiation and internal radioactive contamination can cause severe tissue damage and illness.
  • Misdiagnosis of radiation-induced conditions is possible if practitioners are unaware of radiation as the cause.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide emergency practitioners with essential knowledge for managing radiation injuries and illnesses.
  • To bridge the gap between the vast information available and the limited practical experience of clinicians.
  • To improve the recognition and treatment of radiation-related medical emergencies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of fundamental concepts in radiation physics and radiobiology.
  • Discussion of diagnostic approaches for radiation injuries.
  • Outline of medical management strategies for radiation exposure and contamination.

Main Results:

  • Key terminology, physical principles, and radiobiological effects are explained.
  • Diagnostic criteria for radiation-induced injuries are presented.
  • Evidence-based medical management protocols are detailed.

Conclusions:

  • A solid understanding of radiation basics is crucial for emergency practitioners.
  • Timely and accurate diagnosis and management can mitigate the severity of radiation injuries.
  • This review serves as a practical guide for handling radiation emergencies.