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Related Concept Videos

Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
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Experimental RNAi

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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RNA Interference

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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CRISPR and crRNAs

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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Author Spotlight: Streamlining Rice Breeding with CRISPR/Cas for Obtaining Optimal Phenotypic and Agronomic Traits
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Author Spotlight: Streamlining Rice Breeding with CRISPR/Cas for Obtaining Optimal Phenotypic and Agronomic Traits

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5S-rRNA genes in rice embryos.

N Hariharan1, P S Reddy, J D Padayatty

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, 560 012, Bangalore, India.

Plant Molecular Biology
|November 27, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Rice embryo germination activates two 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, differing from wheat and maize. These genes show variations in sequence and expression during early rice development.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Plant Genetics

Background:

  • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) plays a crucial role in protein synthesis.
  • 5S rRNA is a component of the large ribosomal subunit in eukaryotes.
  • Understanding 5S rRNA gene expression provides insights into plant development and genome evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the characteristics and expression of 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes in rice (Oryza sativa) during germination.
  • To compare rice 5S rRNA sequences with those of other plant species.
  • To analyze the structure and transcription of rice 5S rRNA genes.

Main Methods:

  • Nucleotide sequencing of 5S rRNA genes from ungerminated and germinated rice embryos.
  • In vitro transcription assays using plasmids containing rice 5S rRNA genes.

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  • Bioinformatic analysis for sequence comparison and homology searches.

    • Main Results:

    • Rice 5S rRNA sequences from ungerminated and germinated embryos exhibit differences compared to wheat, rye, and maize.
    • Germination induces the expression of a second 5S rRNA species in rice embryos, indicating differential gene activity.
    • Rice 5S rRNA genes are organized in tandem repeats with length heterogeneity; the sequenced gene shows specific nucleotide variations compared to wheat and maize.
    • In vitro transcription efficiency differs between continuous and discontinuous 5S rRNA gene inserts.
    • The spacer sequence of rice 5S rRNA genes shows limited homology to other systems, except for a conserved transcription terminator.

    Conclusions:

    • Rice possesses multiple 5S rRNA genes, with differential expression occurring during germination.
    • Sequence variations in rice 5S rRNA genes contribute to species-specific characteristics.
    • The organization and regulatory elements of 5S rRNA genes in rice have implications for understanding plant gene expression and evolution.