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Bulk Density of Aggregate01:22

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Bulk density refers to the mass of aggregate particles that would fill a unit volume. The concept of bulk density originates from the inability to pack aggregate particles in a manner that completely eliminates void spaces. Hence, the term bulk refers to the volume that encompasses both the aggregates and the voids. This measurement is crucial when aggregates are batched by volume and is used to convert quantities by mass to volume.
Most natural mineral aggregates, like sand and gravel,...
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Atomic layer deposition-derived ultra-low-density composite bulk materials with deterministic density and

Monika M Biener1, Juergen Biener, Yinmin M Wang

  • 1Nanoscale Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States.

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|November 29, 2013
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed novel, lightweight metal oxide composite materials using atomic layer deposition on silica aerogels. These materials achieve high laser-to-X-ray conversion efficiencies, paving the way for advanced X-ray sources.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Photonics

Background:

  • Developing lightweight, monolithic metal oxide composites with controlled density is challenging.
  • Existing methods struggle to maintain nanoscale architecture during fabrication.
  • Low laser-to-X-ray conversion efficiencies limit current X-ray source applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a universal approach for on-demand development of ultralight metal oxide composite bulk materials.
  • To utilize the self-organized nanoscale architecture of silica aerogels as a template.
  • To achieve deterministic control over material density and composition.

Main Methods:

  • Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of titania (TiO2) or zinc oxide (ZnO) onto SiO2 aerogel scaffolds.
  • Utilizing 1 mg/cm³ SiO2 aerogels as a blueprint for nanoscale architecture.
  • Characterizing the resulting composite materials' density, composition, and X-ray conversion efficiency.

Main Results:

  • Fabricated monolithic metal oxide composite materials with densities <5 mg/cm³.
  • Achieved deterministic control over density and composition without altering the nanoscale architecture.
  • Demonstrated laser-to-X-ray conversion efficiencies up to 5.3%, the highest for foam-based targets.

Conclusions:

  • The reported ALD approach enables on-demand fabrication of ultralight metal oxide composites.
  • The high conversion efficiencies open possibilities for a new generation of efficient laser-induced X-ray sources.
  • This method offers precise control over material properties crucial for advanced applications.