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Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the parent species, and barriers to reproduction will typically exist. There are two primary mechanisms, speciation with and without geographic isolation—allopatric and sympatric speciation, respectively.
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Speciation is the evolutionary process resulting in the formation of new, distinct species—groups of reproductively isolated populations.
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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

Published on: March 3, 2016

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Speciation mediated by centromeres.

Tatsuo Fukagawa1

  • 1Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics and The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.

Developmental Cell
|November 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Hybrid lethality in Drosophila is caused by increased dosage of the HMR and LHR speciation factors. These factors form a centromeric complex, revealing a molecular basis for reproductive isolation during speciation.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Speciation leads to reproductive isolation via hybrid sterility or lethality.
  • The molecular mechanisms underlying hybrid lethality remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular basis of hybrid lethality in Drosophila.
  • To identify the roles of speciation factors in reproductive isolation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Drosophila speciation factors.
  • Centromeric complex formation studies.
  • Dosage effect experiments.

Main Results:

  • Drosophila speciation factors HMR and LHR form a centromeric complex.

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  • Increased dosage of the HMR and LHR complex leads to hybrid lethality.

    • Conclusions:

    • The HMR and LHR complex is implicated in hybrid lethality.
    • Dosage-dependent function of speciation factors contributes to reproductive isolation.