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Related Concept Videos

Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

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Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
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One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Studying Ribonucleotide Incorporation: Strand-specific Detection of Ribonucleotides in the Yeast Genome and Measuring Ribonucleotide-induced Mutagenesis
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Studying Ribonucleotide Incorporation: Strand-specific Detection of Ribonucleotides in the Yeast Genome and Measuring Ribonucleotide-induced Mutagenesis

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Ribonucleotides as nucleotide excision repair substrates.

Yuqin Cai1, Nicholas E Geacintov2, Suse Broyde1

  • 1Department of Biology, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, 1009 Silver Center, New York, NY 10003, USA.

DNA Repair
|December 3, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Single ribonucleotides in DNA are recognized and repaired by the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway, challenging previous understanding of DNA repair mechanisms. This finding highlights the importance of NER in maintaining genome stability by removing potentially mutagenic ribonucleotides.

Keywords:
6,4 pyrimidine-pyrimidone6-4<TT>CPD<TT>GG-NERMDNERRERTC-NERcis-syn cyclobutane pyrimidine dimerdNTPdeoxyribonucleotideelectrostatic and hydrogen bonding propertiesglobal genomic repairlesion recognition and verificationmolecular dynamicsnucleotide excision repairprokaryotic nucleotide excision repairrNTPribonucleotideribonucleotide excision repairribonucleotidestranscription coupled repair

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Last Updated: May 5, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Ribonucleotide incorporation into DNA is common and can lead to genome instability.
  • Ribonucleotides are typically removed by RNase H enzymes.
  • Nucleotide excision repair (NER) removes bulky DNA adducts.

Discussion:

  • A study by Vaisman et al. (2013) demonstrates that bacterial NER machinery recognizes single ribonucleotides in DNA.
  • NER-deficient strains show increased mutagenesis when ribonucleotides are present.
  • Purified NER proteins (UvrA, UvrB, UvrC) incise DNA containing a single ribonucleotide.

Key Insights:

  • Single ribonucleotides, despite minimal distortion, are recognized as lesions by the NER pathway.
  • The 2'-OH group of ribonucleotides may act as a recognition signal for NER.
  • This challenges the paradigm that NER only targets covalently modified, distorting DNA lesions.

Outlook:

  • The proposed mechanism involving the 2'-OH group could explain ribonucleotide recognition by NER.
  • Further investigation is needed to determine if eukaryotic NER machinery also targets embedded ribonucleotides.
  • Understanding this pathway is crucial for comprehending genome stability and repair.