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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:19

Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

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New Tools to Expand Regulatory T Cells from HIV-1-infected Individuals
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Sprouty-2 regulates HIV-specific T cell polyfunctionality.

Yen-Ling Chiu, Liang Shan, Hailiang Huang

    The Journal of Clinical Investigation
    |December 3, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    High antigen levels impair T cell effector functions by increasing sprouty-2 (SPRY2), a pathway regulator. Inhibiting SPRY2 can restore T cell polyfunctionality, offering a potential immunotherapy target for chronic infections.

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    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Molecular Biology
    • Virology

    Background:

    • T cell polyfunctionality is vital for immunity against viruses and cancer.
    • This crucial function is often lost during chronic infections, with underlying mechanisms poorly understood.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the molecular mechanisms controlling T cell polyfunctionality.
    • To identify molecular targets for restoring T cell function in chronic infections.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of human T cell transcription profiles stimulated by varying antigen concentrations.
    • Investigation of the MAPK/ERK pathway and sprouty-2 (SPRY2) expression.
    • Assessment of SPRY2 inhibition on HIV-specific T cell polyfunctionality.

    Main Results:

    • High antigen concentrations led to T cell hypo-polyfunctionality and an exhausted transcription profile.
    • SPRY2, a negative regulator of the MAPK/ERK pathway, was upregulated by high antigen loads.
    • SPRY2 inhibition enhanced HIV-specific T cell polyfunctionality, independent of PD-1.

    Conclusions:

    • Increased SPRY2 expression during chronic viral infections impairs T cell polyfunctionality.
    • SPRY2 represents a potential therapeutic target for enhancing anti-viral T cell responses.