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Related Concept Videos

Stress Response System01:21

Stress Response System

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The stress response system, also known as the fight-or-flight response, is the body's automatic physiological reaction to perceived threats. Hans Selye introduced the concept of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) to describe the predictable pattern of changes that occur in response to stress. GAS consists of three sequential stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. This model helps explain how chronic stress can contribute to health problems.
Alarm stage
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Physiological Foundation of Stress01:24

Physiological Foundation of Stress

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Stress triggers a coordinated physiological response involving the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This dual activation ensures that the body is prepared for both immediate and prolonged stress management. The process begins with the perception of a stressor. This initial phase activates the SNS, leading to the rapid release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal glands.
Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System
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Other Stress Responses in Bacteria01:30

Other Stress Responses in Bacteria

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Bacteria have global regulatory systems that control several types of stress mechanisms. These include Pho regulon and the heat shock response, which are essential systems for environmental adaptation, such as nutrient limitation and proteotoxic stress. The Pho regulon and the heat shock response exemplify bacterial resilience, enabling rapid adaptation to fluctuating environmental conditions.Pho RegulonBacteria require phosphorus for essential cellular processes, including nucleic acid...
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Acute Inflammation II: Local and Systemic Effects01:25

Acute Inflammation II: Local and Systemic Effects

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Acute inflammation produces a coordinated set of local and systemic changes that limit injury, eliminate pathogens, and initiate repair. These responses arise within minutes of infection, trauma, or chemical insult and are driven by vascular alterations and leukocyte-derived mediators. When the stimulus resolves, the reaction typically abates within days.Local EffectsAt the site of injury, arteriolar vasodilation increases blood flow, resulting in redness and warmth. Simultaneously, increased...
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Introduction to Stress and Lifestyle01:27

Introduction to Stress and Lifestyle

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Stress is a multifaceted response to events perceived as challenging or threatening, highlighting physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral reactions. Physically, stress can lead to fatigue, sleep disruptions, and various health issues such as frequent colds, chest pains, and nausea. Emotionally, it can manifest as anxiety, depression, irritability, and anger triggered by both minor and major life events. Cognitively, it may result in difficulty in concentration, memory, and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Use of a Central Venous Line for Fluids, Drugs and Nutrient Administration in a Mouse Model of Critical Illness
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Stress response in critical illness.

Laura Santos1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY.

Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care
|December 4, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Sepsis in children causes unique neuroendocrine dysfunction, differing from adults. Management requires careful antibiotic use, cautious glycemic control, and consideration of hydrocortisone for specific shock cases.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric critical care medicine
  • Pediatric endocrinology
  • Infectious diseases

Background:

  • Sepsis-induced neuroendocrine dysfunction in children presents unique challenges compared to adults.
  • Management strategies for pediatric sepsis require careful consideration of specific endocrine responses.
  • Existing data on endocrine management in pediatric sepsis is limited and often extrapolated from adult studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of neuroendocrine dysfunction in pediatric sepsis.
  • To discuss the complexities of managing endocrine derangements during pediatric sepsis.
  • To provide guidance on specific interventions such as glycemic control and hydrocortisone use.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of pediatric sepsis and neuroendocrine dysfunction.

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  • Analysis of current treatment guidelines and clinical evidence.
  • Synthesis of data on glycemic control, adrenal insufficiency, and thyroid dysfunction in septic children.

    • Main Results:

    • Pediatric sepsis-specific neuroendocrine dysfunction necessitates tailored management approaches.
    • Strict glycemic control in children carries a risk of hypoglycemia, impacting morbidity and mortality.
    • Hydrocortisone use in refractory shock is controversial but indicated for adrenal insufficiency.
    • Fluid and electrolyte balance are critical.
    • Thyroid dysfunction treatment benefits are population-specific and require more data.

    Conclusions:

    • Neuroendocrine dysfunction in pediatric sepsis is distinct and requires specialized interpretation and management.
    • Antibiotic therapy and fluid/electrolyte correction are paramount.
    • Cautious glycemic control and judicious use of hydrocortisone are recommended based on specific clinical indicators.
    • Further research is needed to clarify the role of endocrine interventions in broader pediatric sepsis populations.