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A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication
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Prevalence of Active HCV Infection in Spain in 2022 Using Multiparameter Evidence Synthesis.

Christos Thomadakis1,2, Ilias Gountas1, Konstantinos Gountas1

  • 1Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.

Journal of Viral Hepatitis
|March 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Spain

Keywords:
Bayesian evidence synthesisSpainactive HCV infectionkey populationspopulation prevalence

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology and infectious diseases.
  • Public health and epidemiology.
  • Bayesian statistical modeling.

Background:

  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global health issue.
  • Spain's direct-acting antiviral (DAA) programs aim to reduce HCV prevalence.
  • Accurate data on active HCV infection (aHCV) prevalence and trends in Spain are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate the prevalence of aHCV in Spain in 2022.
  • To analyze the change in aHCV prevalence from 2019 to 2022.
  • To identify high-risk populations and undiagnosed cases.

Main Methods:

  • Bayesian multiparameter evidence synthesis (MPES) was employed.
  • The study population (15-79 years) was divided into risk groups: current people who inject drugs (PWID), ex-PWID, gay-bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) engaging in chemsex (GBMSMchem), and the general population.
  • Data from seroprevalence surveys, behavioral studies, national databases, and DAA treatment records were synthesized.

Main Results:

  • The overall aHCV prevalence in Spain in 2022 was estimated at 0.14% (approx. 54,500 individuals).
  • Prevalence was highest in current PWID (12.5%) and GBMSMchem (8.4%).
  • A decline of ~20,000 aHCV cases was observed from 2019 to 2022, attributed to DAA treatment. Undiagnosed cases were 29.4% in the general population, highest in ages 50-69.

Conclusions:

  • Spain has progressed towards HCV elimination, significantly reducing cases via DAA treatment.
  • Key populations, including PWID and GBMSMchem, remain at high risk for active HCV infection.
  • Targeted interventions, harm reduction, and accessible testing/treatment are crucial for meeting WHO 2030 elimination goals.