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Immune surveillance and response to JC virus infection and PML

Sarah Beltrami1, Jennifer Gordon

  • 1Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.

Journal of Neurovirology
|December 4, 2013
PubMed

Insights

JC virus (JCV) causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in immunocompromised individuals. This review explores JCV persistence and immune responses to understand viral reactivation and spread in conditions like HIV-1 infection and after monoclonal antibody therapy.

Area of Science:

  • Neurovirology
  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Human polyomavirus JC virus (JCV) is the cause of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a severe demyelinating disease.
  • Most individuals are infected with JCV but remain asymptomatic due to immune control.
  • PML incidence is rising in immunocompromised populations due to JCV reactivation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of JCV persistence and immune responses.
  • To elucidate factors contributing to JCV reactivation in immunocompromised states.
  • To explore the role of HIV-1 coinfection and monoclonal antibody therapies in PML pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on JCV persistence, immune response, and PML.
  • Analysis of viral interactions with host immunity in immunocompromised individuals.
  • Examination of clinical data regarding PML development in specific patient groups.

Main Results:

  • JCV establishes lifelong, subclinical infections in most hosts.
  • Immunocompromise disrupts viral containment, leading to JCV replication and PML.
  • HIV-1 and certain immunomodulatory therapies are associated with increased PML risk.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding JCV persistence and immune evasion is crucial for preventing PML.
  • Identifying deficiencies in viral containment can guide therapeutic strategies.
  • Further research into JCV-host interactions is needed to combat PML.

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