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Self Within Cultural Contexts

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Cultural frameworks for understanding the self are often categorized into two broad orientations: individualism and collectivism. These paradigms influence how people define themselves, relate to others, and interpret their social worlds. Each orientation offers distinct perspectives on autonomy, responsibility, and the role of the individual within a community.Individualistic CulturesIn individualistic cultures like North America and Western Europe, identity is understood as autonomous and...

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According to some social psychologists, people tend to overemphasize internal factors as explanations—or attributions—for the behavior of other people. They tend to assume that the behavior of another person is a trait of that person, and to underestimate the power of the situation on the behavior of others. They tend to fail to recognize when the behavior of another is due to situational variables, and thus to the person’s state. This erroneous assumption is...

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Self-esteem, a core psychological construct, is intricately shaped by cultural context and varies significantly between collectivist and individualistic societies. In collectivist cultures such as Japan, self-esteem tends to be flexible, context-sensitive, and influenced by relationships. A Japanese student, for instance, may show restraint in formal settings like school but behave more openly among close friends, reflecting the flexible and dynamic nature of self-concept in such...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

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Published on: September 28, 2018

Globalization and Inequality: Explaining American Exceptionalism.

Douglas S Massey¹

¹Princeton University.

European Sociological Review

|December 4, 2013

Summary

Globalization increases global inequality, particularly in the US due to institutional failures in income redistribution. These failures, rooted in historical racism, benefit the wealthy through a political system favoring moneyed interests.

Area of Science:

Socioeconomic studies
Political economy
Globalization impact analysis

Background:

Globalization intensifies worldwide economic inequality.
The United States experiences these pressures more acutely than other developed nations.
Pre-tax income distribution in the US is comparable to other nations, but post-tax distribution is less egalitarian.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze the institutional factors contributing to increased income inequality in the US.
To examine the historical and political underpinnings of the US's less egalitarian post-tax income distribution.
To understand how specific policy choices and historical legacies shape current socioeconomic disparities.

Main Methods:

Comparative analysis of income distribution before and after taxes.

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Last Updated: May 5, 2026

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Examination of institutional arrangements and policy shifts over the past two decades.

Historical analysis tracing the impact of racism on political economy and economic populism.

Main Results:

US institutional arrangements inadequately redistribute income, allowing globalization's inequality pressures to manifest fully.
Deliberate policy shifts over two decades have created divergent outcomes for socioeconomic strata.
The US political system advantages wealthy interests, further exacerbating inequality.

Conclusions:

The US's less egalitarian post-tax income distribution stems from institutional failures and deliberate policy choices.
Historical racism significantly influences the nation's political economy and contributes to socioeconomic stratification.
The current system favors the wealthy, diminishing the effectiveness of economic populism and exacerbating inequality.