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Related Concept Videos

Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells01:19

Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells

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Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Generation of Self-assembled Vascularized Human Skin Equivalents
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Tissue engineered human skin equivalents.

Zheng Zhang1, Bozena B Michniak-Kohn

  • 1New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA. michniak@biology.rutgers.edu.

Pharmaceutics
|December 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Human skin equivalents are advanced tissue-engineered models used for topical and transdermal delivery research. These models are crucial for skin permeation, toxicity, and pharmacology studies.

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Dermatology
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Human skin acts as a vital barrier and a pathway for topical/transdermal delivery.
  • Advancements in tissue engineering have driven the development of human skin equivalents (HSEs).
  • HSEs have commercial applications as skin substitutes and in safety assessments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss the state-of-the-art in human skin equivalent development.
  • To highlight the applications of HSEs in various research areas.
  • To provide insights into the progress of tissue engineering for skin applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of academic and commercial research in human skin equivalents.
  • Analysis of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine advancements.

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  • Examination of HSE applications in permeation, toxicity, and pharmacological studies.
  • Main Results:

    • HSEs are established as reliable models for skin research.
    • Significant progress has been made in developing sophisticated HSEs over three decades.
    • HSEs are utilized for diverse applications including permeation, corrosivity, irritation, and toxicity testing.

    Conclusions:

    • Human skin equivalents represent a significant achievement in tissue engineering.
    • HSEs are versatile tools for both clinical and research purposes.
    • Continued development of HSEs will further advance skin science and drug delivery.