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Updated: May 5, 2026

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Published on: July 4, 2013
Measuring bystander attitudes and behavior to prevent sexual violence
Sarah McMahon1, Christopher T Allen, Judy L Postmus
1a Center on Violence Against Women and Children, School of Social Work , Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , New Brunswick , New Jersey.
Objective:
The purpose of this study is to further investigate the factor structure and strength of the Bystander Attitude Scale-Revised and Bystander Behavior Scale-Revised (BAS-R and BBS-R).
Participants:
First-year students (N = 4,054) at a large public university in the Northeast completed a survey in 2010 as part of a larger longitudinal study of a sexual violence bystander education intervention program on campus.
Methods:
Exploratory structural equation modeling was used to analyze survey responses to the BAS-R and BBS-R.
Results:
For BAS-R, the best fit was a 4-factor model: (1) high-risk situations, (2) postassault support for victims, (3) postassault reporting of perpetrators, and (4) proactive opportunities. BBS-R was a 2-factor model: (1) intervention opportunities before, during, or after an assault, and (2) proactive opportunities.
Conclusion:
The BAS-R and BBS-R provide reliable tools that can be utilized to evaluate sexual violence bystander programs.
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