Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

7.2K
The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
7.2K
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

3.2K
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
3.2K
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway

7.6K
The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Mechanism
The...
7.6K
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

14.4K
The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
14.4K
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

13.7K
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
13.7K
Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins01:22

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins

8.9K
Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high...
8.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Circulating CTHRC1 levels are associated with IPF disease severity and survival.

Thorax·2026
Same author

Lung adventitial fibroblasts support type 2 Tregs to shape the response to influenza infection.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Inhibition of the EBF1-ITGB8 Axis in Bone Marrow Niche Ameliorates Hallmarks of Myelofibrosis.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Alveolar Type II Cell-derived MMP1 <sup>high</sup> basal cells promote destructive microcysts in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

β-III tubulin identifies anti-fibrotic state of pericytes in pulmonary fibrosis.

Research square·2025
Same author

Structure-Based Discovery of Potent and Selective Small-Molecule α5β1 Integrin Inhibitors for Asthma Therapy.

ACS omega·2025
Same journal

The Neuroimmune Circuitry of Peripheral Sensory Neuron Subtypes in Chronic Pain.

Annual review of immunology·2026
Same journal

The Spectrum of Fibroblast Immune Biology.

Annual review of immunology·2026
Same journal

The Molecular Logic of Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Class Switch Recombination.

Annual review of immunology·2026
Same journal

Decoding Human T Cell Immunity with Artificial Intelligence and Single-Cell Genomics.

Annual review of immunology·2026
Same journal

Immune Niches in Cancer.

Annual review of immunology·2026
Same journal

T Cell Receptor Signaling and Immune Tolerance: From Autoimmunity to Cancer Immunity.

Annual review of immunology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Studying TGF-&#946; Signaling and TGF-&#946;-induced Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer and Normal Cells
06:54

Studying TGF-β Signaling and TGF-β-induced Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer and Normal Cells

Published on: October 27, 2020

13.1K

TGF-β activation and function in immunity.

Mark A Travis1, Dean Sheppard

  • 1Manchester Collaborative Center for Inflammation Research.

Annual Review of Immunology
|December 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) regulates immune responses by influencing T cell activity. Its activation, often mediated by integrins, is critical for controlling TGF-β

More Related Videos

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice
07:07

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

Published on: June 27, 2020

4.6K
Mouse Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
07:12

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

52.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 5, 2026

Studying TGF-&#946; Signaling and TGF-&#946;-induced Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer and Normal Cells
06:54

Studying TGF-β Signaling and TGF-β-induced Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer and Normal Cells

Published on: October 27, 2020

13.1K
Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice
07:07

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

Published on: June 27, 2020

4.6K
Mouse Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
07:12

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

52.8K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a key cytokine in immune regulation.
  • TGF-β exhibits diverse effects on adaptive immunity, particularly CD4(+) T cell responses.
  • TGF-β is secreted in an inactive complex, requiring activation for function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the functional roles of TGF-β in immunity.
  • To highlight context-specific roles in promoting or dampening T cell responses.
  • To describe TGF-β activation mechanisms, focusing on integrins.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on TGF-β function and activation in immunity.
  • Analysis of the role of integrins in TGF-β activation.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on TGF-β's dual role in T cell immunity.

Main Results:

  • TGF-β has context-dependent effects, either suppressing or enhancing T cell responses.
  • Activation of latent TGF-β is a critical regulatory step.
  • Integrins play a significant role in the activation of TGF-β within the immune system.

Conclusions:

  • TGF-β's pleiotropic functions in immunity are tightly controlled by its activation status.
  • Understanding TGF-β activation is crucial for modulating immune responses.
  • Integrin-mediated activation is a key mechanism controlling TGF-β's immune functions.