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Related Concept Videos

DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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Transposons01:24

Transposons

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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DNA Microarrays02:34

DNA Microarrays

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Microarrays are high-throughput and relatively inexpensive assays that can be automated to analyze large quantities of data at a time. They are used in genome-wide studies to compare gene or protein expression under two varied conditions, such as healthy and diseased states. Microarrays consist of glass or silica slides on which probe molecules are covalently attached through surface functionalization. Most commonly, the slides are prepared through the chemisorption of silanes to silica...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Updated: May 5, 2026

Generating Transposon Insertion Libraries in Gram-Negative Bacteria for High-Throughput Sequencing
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Generating Transposon Insertion Libraries in Gram-Negative Bacteria for High-Throughput Sequencing

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TE-array--a high throughput tool to study transposon transcription.

Veena P Gnanakkan, Andrew E Jaffe, Lixin Dai

  • 1The Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, Miller Research Building (MRB) Room 469, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. jboeke@jhmi.edu.

BMC Genomics
|December 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transposable elements (TEs) comprise over half of mammalian genomes. A new TE-array method reveals TEs are transcribed in a tissue-specific manner, originating from within TE units.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Transposable elements (TEs) constitute a significant portion of mammalian genomes.
  • TE-derived DNA initiates a substantial fraction of RNA transcripts.
  • Limited high-throughput methods exist for detecting expression from interspersed repeats.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a method for characterizing transposable element (TE) expression in mammalian transcriptomes.
  • To profile TE repeat expression across various normal mouse tissues.
  • To investigate the origins and regulation of TE-derived RNAs.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a custom microarray platform, the "TE-array", with probes for human and mouse transposons.
  • Profiling of TE repeat expression in normal mouse tissues using the TE-array.
  • Validation of TE-array results using nanoString® and RNA sequencing (RNAseq) technologies.

Main Results:

  • The TE-array is an effective method for detecting TE expression, validated by nanoString® and RNAseq.
  • Transposable element transcription predominantly occurs from the sense strand.
  • TE expression exhibits highly tissue-specific patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Transposon RNAs originate from within genomic TE units, not primarily from read-through transcription.
  • TE expression is significantly influenced by tissue context, suggesting regulation by chromatin states or cellular phenotypes.
  • The TE-array offers a scalable approach for characterizing transposable element RNAs.