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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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New radiation protection calibration facility at CERN.

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CERN is building a new radiation calibration lab with advanced sources and shielding. This facility will ensure accurate radiation protection measurements for the next generation of experiments.

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Area of Science:

  • Health Physics
  • Radiation Detection and Measurement
  • Particle Accelerator Technology

Background:

  • The existing CERN radiation calibration facility is over 20 years old and requires replacement.
  • Advancements in radiation detection necessitate upgraded calibration capabilities.
  • New particle physics experiments demand more precise radiation monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and describe the project for a new state-of-the-art radiation calibration laboratory at CERN.
  • To detail the facility placement, initial measurements, and shielding design.
  • To ensure the new laboratory meets future radiation protection standards.

Main Methods:

  • Facility design incorporating neutron and gamma sources, an X-ray generator, and a beta irradiator.
  • Determination of optimal facility placement criteria.
  • Performance of 'point-zero' measurements for baseline calibration.
  • Shielding studies utilizing FLUKA Monte Carlo simulations.

Main Results:

  • A comprehensive design for a new radiation calibration laboratory has been established.
  • FLUKA simulations provide critical data for the shielding design.
  • The project is currently under construction, indicating successful design finalization.

Conclusions:

  • The new CERN radiation calibration laboratory is designed to meet current and future needs.
  • Advanced simulation techniques ensure effective radiation shielding.
  • The facility will enhance radiation protection capabilities at CERN.