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Related Concept Videos

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Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

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PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
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Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the...
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Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular...
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Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice
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Relationship between circulating irisin, renal function and body composition in type 2 diabetes.

Jian-Jun Liu1, Sylvia Liu1, Melvin D S Wong1

  • 1Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Republic of Singapore.

Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications
|December 17, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Irisin levels are lower in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with reduced kidney function. This study explores the connection between irisin, kidney function, and body composition in T2DM patients.

Keywords:
Body compositionChronic kidney diseaseDiabetic nephropathyIrisinType 2 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Nephrology
  • Metabolic Research

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is linked to complex energy metabolism issues.
  • Irisin, a myokine, plays a role in energy regulation and has emerged as a potential biomarker.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between renal function, body composition, and circulating irisin levels in T2DM patients.
  • To understand irisin's role in energy dysmetabolism within the context of diabetic kidney disease.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study involving 365 T2DM patients with varying degrees of renal function.
  • Measurement of circulating irisin levels and detailed body composition analysis.

Main Results:

  • Irisin levels were significantly decreased in T2DM patients with renal insufficiency (eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m²).
  • Irisin reduction was most pronounced in advanced stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  • In patients with renal insufficiency, irisin correlated positively with BMI, fat mass, fat percentage, and eGFR.

Conclusions:

  • Circulating irisin levels appear to be associated with renal function in T2DM.
  • The implications of reduced irisin in energy dysmetabolism among diabetic patients with kidney insufficiency warrant further investigation.