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The ISME Journal
|December 17, 2013
PubMed
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Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is performed by ANME-2a archaea through a reversed methanogenesis pathway. This study reveals the complete functional AOM pathway in ANME-2a, without hydrogenases.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biogeochemistry
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is a key process controlling methane release from marine environments.
  • Uncultivated archaea of the ANME-1, 2, and 3 groups are believed to mediate AOM.
  • Despite extensive research, the precise mechanisms of AOM remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the functional AOM pathway in ANME-2a archaea.
  • To investigate the genes and energy conservation mechanisms involved in AOM.
  • To understand the electron transfer pathways utilized by ANME-2a.

Main Methods:

  • Integrated analysis of environmental metatranscriptome data.
  • Genomic analysis of a highly active AOM enrichment culture dominated by ANME-2a.
  • Identification and expression analysis of genes involved in methanogenesis and energy conservation.

Main Results:

  • A complete and actively expressed set of genes for the seven steps of methanogenesis from CO2 was identified in ANME-2a.
  • Genes for energy conservation and electron transport, including Fpo, HdrABC/HdrDE, cytochrome c, and Rnf complex, were found to be expressed.
  • Genes encoding hydrogenases were notably absent in ANME-2a.
  • ANME-2a possesses versatile electron transfer pathways, suggesting adaptability to environmental changes.

Conclusions:

  • ANME-2a archaea likely perform AOM via a complete reversal of methanogenesis from CO2 reduction, independent of canonical hydrogenases.
  • The identified electron transfer pathways provide ANME-2a with metabolic flexibility and resilience.
  • This research provides a foundation for understanding the ecological roles, physiology, and evolution of different ANME subgroups.