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Goiter

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...

The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

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Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...

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Updated: May 4, 2026

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

The relationship between thyroid volume and malignant thyroid disease.

Ayse Ocak Duran¹, Cuneyd Anil, Alptekin Gursoy

¹Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey, aocak2005@gmail.com.

Medical Oncology (Northwood, London, England)

|December 17, 2013

Summary

Thyroid cancer risk is higher in patients with smaller thyroid volumes. This study found lower thyroid volumes in malignant cases compared to benign ones, suggesting volume is a key factor.

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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Oncology
Radiology

Background:

Thyroid nodules are common, with a small percentage being malignant.
Accurate risk stratification for thyroid nodules is crucial for patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between thyroid volume and the prevalence of thyroid cancer.
To determine if thyroid volume can serve as a risk factor in evaluating thyroid nodules.

Main Methods:

Retrospective analysis of 2,672 patients with diagnostic fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) results.
Evaluation of cytologic data, serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, and thyroid volumes.

Main Results:

Thyroid cancer was diagnosed in 4.1% of patients.
Malignant cytology was associated with younger age and higher TSH levels.
Significantly lower median thyroid volumes (right, left, and total) were observed in patients with malignant cytology compared to benign cytology.

Conclusions:

Thyroid cancer prevalence is higher in individuals with lower thyroid volumes.
Thyroid volume should be considered a potential risk factor for malignancy in thyroid nodule evaluation.