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Related Concept Videos

Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

23
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
23
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

26
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
26
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

28
Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
28
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

30
Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
30
Goiter01:27

Goiter

32
Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
32
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

7.0K
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
7.0K

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Related Experiment Video

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An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
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Nonalpine thyroid angiosarcoma in a patient with hashimoto thyroiditis.

Nadia Innaro1, Elena Succurro2, Giuseppe Tomaino1

  • 1Department of Surgery, Policlinico "Mater Domini" of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.

Case Reports in Oncological Medicine
|December 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid angiosarcoma, a rare and aggressive cancer, was diagnosed in a patient from Southern Italy. Successful treatment involved surgery and chemotherapy, leading to no recurrence after 22 months.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Oncology
  • Surgical Pathology

Background:

  • Thyroid angiosarcoma is an uncommon, aggressive thyroid carcinoma with high incidence in European Alpine regions.
  • It can rapidly metastasize to lymph nodes, lungs, brain, and gastrointestinal tract.
  • Histological differentiation from anaplastic thyroid carcinoma can be challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a case of thyroid angiosarcoma in an iodine-sufficient area of Southern Italy.
  • To detail the diagnostic and therapeutic management of this rare malignancy.

Main Methods:

  • Surgical resection: total thyroidectomy and right cervical lymphadenectomy.
  • Histopathological examination: immunohistochemistry for CD31, Factor VIII-related antigen, Vimentin, and pancytokeratin.
  • Adjuvant chemotherapy: 6 cycles of MAID regimen (Doxorubicin, Dacarbazine, Ifosfamide, Mesna).

Main Results:

  • Postoperative histology confirmed thyroid angiosarcoma with characteristic immunohistochemical markers.
  • Metastasis was identified in cervical, supraclavicular, mediastinal, and paratracheal lymph nodes.
  • The patient remained disease-free (local and systemic recurrence) for 22 months post-surgery.

Conclusions:

  • This case highlights thyroid angiosarcoma occurring in an unexpected geographical location (iodine-sufficient Southern Italy).
  • Aggressive surgical and adjuvant chemotherapy (MAID regimen) can achieve favorable outcomes in managing this rare thyroid cancer.
  • Continued surveillance is crucial for patients with thyroid angiosarcoma due to its aggressive nature.