Reply to Subramaniam, van Heel, and Henderson: Validity of the cryo-electron microscopy structures of the HIV-1

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Updated: May 4, 2026

Determination of Molecular Structures of HIV Envelope Glycoproteins using Cryo-Electron Tomography and Automated Sub-tomogram Averaging
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Determination of Molecular Structures of HIV Envelope Glycoproteins using Cryo-Electron Tomography and Automated Sub-tomogram Averaging

Published on: December 1, 2011

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Youdong Mao, Luis R Castillo-Menendez, Joseph G Sodroski

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
    |December 19, 2013
    PubMed
    Abstract

    No abstract available in PubMed .

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    Cryo-electron Microscopy01:28

    Cryo-electron Microscopy

    Conventional electron microscopy (EM) involves dehydration, fixation, and staining of biological samples, which distorts the native state of biological molecules and results in several artifacts. Also, the high-energy electron beam damages the sample and makes it difficult to obtain high-resolution images. These issues can be addressed using cryo-EM, which uses frozen samples and gentler electron beams. The technique was developed by Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson, for...
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