[Potential and limitations of modern embolization therapy]

Correct clinical and angiographic classification of vascular anomalies, including consideration of their flow pattern (high-flow versus low-flow), is the basis of accurate indications for minimally invasive therapy modalities such as embolization. Technical advancements and miniaturization of catheter materials (including steerable microwires, flow-directed microcatheters and detachable tips) gained access for embolotherapy to lesions anywhere in the body. The aim of embolization, which is mainly indicated for therapy of high-flow arteriovenous malformations, is the complete, permanent occlusion of the lesion nidus. Nowadays, embolotherapy is performed using permanent liquid embolization agents, in multiple staged sessions. This technique reduces complications such as ischemic necrosis and peripheral nerve lesions compared to alcohol embolization. Sole occlusion of the arterial inflow by surgical resection or interventional coil application is considered obsolete. The size of the lesion and the high treatment costs limit the use of embolotherapy.