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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
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pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
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Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches01:23

Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches

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Riboswitches are RNA elements that regulate gene expression by altering their secondary structures in response to specific effector molecules. These elements, located in the leader regions of certain mRNAs, act as transcriptional regulators by toggling between alternative conformations to control downstream gene expression. Riboswitch-mediated regulation is a precise mechanism for modulating biosynthetic pathways, as exemplified by the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus...
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Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps...
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mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability
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mRNA Interactome Capture from Plant Protoplasts
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Message ends: RNA 3' processing and flowering time control.

Katarzyna Rataj1, Gordon G Simpson

  • 1College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK.

Journal of Experimental Botany
|December 24, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plants precisely regulate flowering time through gene regulation. RNA processing factors control flowering by regulating the FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) gene, crucial for reproductive success.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Molecular genetics
  • Gene regulation

Background:

  • Flowering time is a critical developmental process in plants, essential for reproductive success.
  • Genetic studies in Arabidopsis thaliana have identified conserved RNA processing factors involved in flowering time control.
  • These factors specifically regulate the transcription of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), a key floral repressor.

Discussion:

  • Review of RNA processing and associated proteins that influence FLC transcription.
  • Examination of the complex transcriptional architecture at the FLC locus, including coding and non-coding RNAs.
  • Exploration of alternative mechanisms by which RNA processing events modulate FLC transcription.

Key Insights:

  • Plant-specific RNA 3' end processing factors are conserved and essential for controlling flowering time.
  • Regulation of FLC mRNA transcription by RNA processing is a central mechanism.
  • The FLC locus exhibits complex RNA transcription patterns influencing gene expression.

Outlook:

  • Further investigation into the precise molecular mechanisms of RNA processing at the FLC locus.
  • Understanding how non-coding RNAs contribute to FLC regulation and flowering time.
  • Exploring the potential for manipulating these pathways to control plant development.