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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

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DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic...
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Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

199
Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

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Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
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Childhood-onset nonprogressive chronic encephalitis.

Philippe Rizek1, Christina Cheung1, Richard S McLachlan1

  • 1Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, Canada.

Epilepsy & Behavior : E&B
|December 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This study identifies a nonprogressive variant of Rasmussen's encephalitis (RE) in children with chronic encephalitis and intractable epilepsy. The absence of epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) may indicate a favorable prognosis.

Keywords:
CEChronic encephalitisEEGEPCEpilepsia partialis continuaEpilepsy surgeryMRINatural historyNonprogressive variantRERasmussen'sRasmussen's encephalitischronic encephalitiselectroencephalographyepilepsia partialis continuamagnetic resonance imaging

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Epileptology

Background:

  • Rasmussen's encephalitis (RE) is a rare, progressive neurological disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the brain hemisphere, leading to intractable epilepsy and neurological deficits.
  • Typical RE presents with focal seizures, often evolving into epilepsia partialis continua (EPC), and progressive neurological decline.
  • Understanding variants of RE is crucial for accurate diagnosis and prognosis in pediatric epilepsy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a series of patients with pathologically confirmed chronic encephalitis exhibiting a nonprogressive clinical course.
  • To investigate whether these cases represent a "benign" variant of Rasmussen's encephalitis (RE).
  • To explore potential prognostic indicators for nonprogressive forms of childhood-onset chronic encephalitis.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of four pediatric patients diagnosed with chronic encephalitis via pathological examination post-epilepsy surgery.
  • Patients were referred to a Comprehensive Epilepsy Program for management of partial-onset seizures.
  • Long-term follow-up included neurological examination, electroencephalogram (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and neuropsychological assessments.

Main Results:

  • None of the four cases demonstrated the typical progressive course of RE, despite childhood-onset seizures (ages 2-12 years).
  • Patients did not experience epilepsia partialis continua (EPC).
  • Long-term follow-up revealed stable neurological, EEG, MRI, and neuropsychological findings, indicating a nonprogressive syndrome.

Conclusions:

  • The findings suggest the existence of nonprogressive variants of Rasmussen's encephalitis (RE) within the spectrum of childhood-onset intractable epilepsy associated with chronic encephalitis.
  • The absence of epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) may serve as a prognostic marker for a nonprogressive clinical course in these patients.
  • These cases expand the understanding of chronic encephalitis and its varied presentations in pediatric epilepsy.