Genomics, personalized medicine, and pediatrics

Genomic discoveries are advancing biomedicine at an ever-increasing pace. Pediatrics is near the epicenter of these discoveries, which are revising our understanding of the genome and its function. Since the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003, dramatic reductions in the cost of genotyping, and more recently sequencing, have permitted the study of the genomes of a great number of species as well as humans. These studies have led to insights on gene regulation and the complex interplay of factors responsible for normal development and biology. Study of single-gene disorders has greatly benefited from the genomics revolution and tests are now available for well over 2000 Mendelian conditions; availability of these tests are changing screening and diagnosis paradigms for rare conditions. Genomics is also yielding an increased understanding of common conditions such as diabetes, obesity, asthma, cancers, and mental health conditions. Personalized medicine, an approach to care in which an individual's genomic information is used to help tailor interventions to maximize health outcomes, is rapidly becoming a reality for a variety of conditions. Though challenges remain in translating new genomic insights into improved patient health, today's pediatricians and their patients will increasingly benefit from this watershed moment in the biological sciences.