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fMRI guided rTMS evidence for reduced left prefrontal involvement after task practice.

Johan Martijn Jansma1, Tamar R van Raalten2, Ruud Boessen1

  • 1Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Plos One
|December 31, 2013
PubMed
Summary

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Practice in consistent environments reduces prefrontal cortex involvement in cognitive tasks. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) showed reduced interference for practiced tasks, suggesting improved efficiency and resource redistribution.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Consistent mapping tasks show performance improvements with practice, linked to reduced brain activity in prefrontal and parietal regions.
  • Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can reduce processing efficacy, making it a tool to investigate brain region involvement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether reduced brain activity after practice reflects reduced involvement or increased efficiency in prefrontal and parietal cortices.
  • To examine the role of these brain regions in novel versus practiced cognitive tasks using fMRI-guided rTMS.

Main Methods:

  • Subjects performed a Sternberg task with novel and practiced target-sets during fMRI to identify peak activity sites.
  • Real and sham rTMS were applied to left prefrontal and parietal cortex outside the scanner to assess task performance changes.

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Main Results:

  • rTMS applied to prefrontal and parietal cortex significantly reduced accuracy for novel targets.
  • Prefrontal rTMS interference was significantly lower for practiced targets compared to novel targets.
  • rTMS did not impact non-target accuracy or reaction time.

Conclusions:

  • Task practice in consistent environments reduces prefrontal cortex involvement.
  • Findings suggest the prefrontal cortex is crucial for target maintenance and comparison.
  • Practice may enable response selection without direct target comparison, supporting process switching and resource redistribution hypotheses.