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Related Concept Videos

The Physiology of Taste01:24

The Physiology of Taste

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The perception of a salty flavor is facilitated by sodium ions within the oral salivary fluid. Upon consumption of a salty substance, salt crystals disassemble, leading to the liberation of its constituents—Na+ and Cl- ions. These ions subsequently dissolve into the salivary fluid present in the oral cavity. The external environment of the gustatory cells experiences an elevation in Na+ concentration, thereby establishing a potent concentration gradient. This gradient propels the...
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Taste Buds and Receptors01:20

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Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
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Gustation01:43

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Gustation is a chemical sense that, along with olfaction (smell), contributes to our perception of taste. It starts with the activation of receptors by chemical compounds (tastants) dissolved in the saliva. The saliva and filiform papillae on the tongue distribute the tastants and increase their exposure to the taste receptors.
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The Tongue and Taste Buds00:49

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The surface of the tongue is covered with various small bumps called papillae, which either distribute what has been ingested (filiform papillae) or contain the sensory taste (or gustatory) receptor cells (fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate papillae). Embedded within each taste-related papilla are the taste buds—clusters of 30 to 100 gustatory receptor cells.
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Hormones Secreted by the Stomach01:25

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Enteroendocrine cells, accounting for only 1% of stomach epithelial cells, play a significant role in digestion and are classified by their digestive hormone secretions.
Each of these hormones secreted by different enteroendocrine cells plays a unique role in digestion. Here are a few examples:
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Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas01:16

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The pancreas, a vital organ within the abdominal cavity, plays dual roles in the digestive and endocrine systems, collaborating with exocrine and endocrine cells to maintain optimal digestion and blood sugar levels.
Exocrine function is carried out by acinar cells, organized into clusters known as acini. These cells contribute to digestion by releasing substantial quantities of enzyme-rich, alkaline digestive juices.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

Whole-Mount Staining, Visualization, and Analysis of Fungiform, Circumvallate, and Palate Taste Buds
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Endocrine taste cells.

Zaza Kokrashvili1, Karen K Yee1, Erwin Ilegems2

  • 1Monell Chemical Senses Center,3500 Market Street,Philadelphia,PA19104,USA.

The British Journal of Nutrition
|January 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Taste cells release glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) directly into the bloodstream, contributing to glucose regulation. This hormonal release occurs rapidly following oral glucose stimulation in mice.

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Last Updated: May 4, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Taste receptors mediate sweet, bitter, and umami detection in taste cells.
  • Taste receptors and gustducin in intestinal endocrine cells regulate gut hormone release, including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1).
  • Taste cells express hormones typically found in intestinal endocrine cells, such as GLP-1.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the expression and release of GLP-1 from taste cells.
  • To determine if taste cells contribute to the cephalic-phase release of GLP-1 into circulation.

Main Methods:

  • Immunohistochemistry to identify GLP-1 expression in taste cells.
  • In vivo studies in wild-type mice involving oral glucose stimulation after oesophagectomy and vagotomy.
  • In vitro studies using taste cell explants stimulated with glucose.
  • Genetic manipulation (Tas1r3 gene knockout) to assess its role in GLP-1 release.

Main Results:

  • Multiple subsets of taste cells were identified expressing GLP-1.
  • Oral glucose stimulation in mice led to a rapid increase in blood GLP-1 levels, independent of vagal and esophageal pathways.
  • Glucose stimulated the release of GLP-1 from isolated taste cell explants.
  • The absence of the Tas1r3 gene did not abolish glucose-stimulated GLP-1 release from taste cells.

Conclusions:

  • Taste cells, termed 'endocrine taste cells', directly release GLP-1 into the bloodstream.
  • This direct release from taste cells contributes to the initial rise in circulating GLP-1 levels following oral glucose intake (cephalic-phase response).