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Related Concept Videos

Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

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Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...
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Parkinson Disease l: Introduction01:24

Parkinson Disease l: Introduction

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Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of...
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Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:24

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

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Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...
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Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

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Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
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Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

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Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
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Parkinson's disease: a review.

Janice M Beitz1

  • 1School of Nursing-Camden, Rutgers University, 311 N. 5th Street, Camden, NJ 08102.

Frontiers in Bioscience (Scholar Edition)
|January 7, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a growing neurodegenerative disorder. While treatments exist, effective disease-modifying therapies are still needed to improve patient quality of life.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Geriatrics

Background:

  • Parkinson's Disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in older Americans.
  • Its prevalence is increasing due to an aging population.
  • PD involves the loss of dopaminergic neurons and Lewy Bodies, with unknown ultimate causes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding of Parkinson's Disease.
  • To highlight the range of motor and non-motor symptoms.
  • To underscore the need for disease-modifying therapies and quality of life strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Parkinson's Disease pathophysiology, risk factors, and clinical manifestations.
  • Analysis of current therapeutic interventions, including pharmacologic and surgical options.

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Related Experiment Videos

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Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
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  • Evaluation of the current state of experimental therapies and supportive care.

    • Main Results:

    • PD presents with motor symptoms (tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia) and non-motor symptoms (cognitive impairment, depression, autonomic dysfunction).
    • Current treatments like deep brain stimulation (DBS) manage symptoms but do not halt disease progression.
    • Definitive disease-modifying therapies are lacking, and experimental treatments show limited success.

    Conclusions:

    • Despite advances in treatment, Parkinson's Disease remains a progressive disorder with unmet therapeutic needs.
    • Further research into disease-modifying strategies is crucial.
    • Optimizing quality of life for patients, caregivers, and healthcare providers requires comprehensive knowledge and support.