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Updated: May 4, 2026

A Protocol for Electrochemical Evaluations and State of Charge Diagnostics of a Symmetric Organic Redox Flow Battery
Published on: February 13, 2017
Full open-framework batteries for stationary energy storage.
Mauro Pasta1, Colin D Wessells1, Nian Liu1
1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
A new manganese hexacyanomanganate anode and copper hexacyanoferrate cathode create a safe, fast, and inexpensive sodium-ion aqueous electrolyte battery. This high-performance energy storage shows no capacity loss after 1,000 cycles.
Area of Science:
- Materials Science
- Electrochemistry
- Energy Storage
Background:
- Renewable energy integration requires advanced energy storage solutions.
- Prussian Blue analogues offer promising open-framework structures for ion insertion.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop a novel manganese hexacyanomanganate open-framework anode.
- To demonstrate a high-performance aqueous electrolyte sodium-ion battery using earth-abundant materials.
Main Methods:
- Synthesized manganese hexacyanomanganate anode and copper hexacyanoferrate cathode.
- Assembled and tested a sodium-ion aqueous electrolyte battery.
- Evaluated battery performance, including energy efficiency and cycle life.
Main Results:
- The developed battery exhibits high round-trip energy efficiency (96.7% at 5C, 84.2% at 50C).
- Demonstrated exceptional cycle stability with no measurable capacity loss after 1,000 deep-discharge cycles.
- Electrode materials are producible in bulk via room-temperature synthesis from earth-abundant precursors.
Conclusions:
- A safe, fast, inexpensive, and long-cycle life aqueous sodium-ion battery has been demonstrated.
- The Prussian Blue analogue framework is suitable for high-performance energy storage applications.
- This technology offers a sustainable solution for grid-scale energy storage.
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