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Related Concept Videos

Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

Anatomy of the Intestines

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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
The small intestine is an ~7 meter-long tube with an inner diameter of just 2.5 cm. Since most nutrients are absorbed here, the inner lining of the...
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Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract01:28

Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract

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The human urogenital system, once thought to be sterile in healthy individuals, is now recognized as a complex microbial habitat. Advancements in molecular sequencing techniques have revealed that even in healthy adults, the kidneys and bladder harbor microbial populations similar to those found in the distal urethra, albeit in much lower abundance. These resident microorganisms, while generally innocuous, can become opportunistic pathogens under conditions that alter the urogenital...
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Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine

77
The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is characterized by distinct physicochemical conditions that shape its microbial communities. Among these, the stomach presents a particularly challenging environment for microbial colonization due to its highly acidic pH, ranging from 1 to 3. This extreme acidity effectively limits microbial density. However, certain acid-tolerant microorganisms are capable of surviving in this niche. Notably, Helicobacter pylori can colonize the gastric mucosa,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

Modeling Ascending Vaginal Infection, Preterm Birth, and Neonatal Morbidity in Mice
04:18

Modeling Ascending Vaginal Infection, Preterm Birth, and Neonatal Morbidity in Mice

Published on: October 10, 2025

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Microbiome in parturition and preterm birth.

Indira U Mysorekar1, Bin Cao1

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Seminars in Reproductive Medicine
|January 7, 2014
PubMed
Summary

The microbiome, including vaginal and oral, significantly impacts preterm birth. Host genetics may also disrupt the pregnancy microbiome, leading to adverse outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Obstetrics
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Preterm parturition is a major global maternal-child health concern.
  • The microbiome's role in human health and disease is increasingly recognized.
  • Understanding the microbiome's influence on pregnancy is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of the microbiome's impact on parturition, focusing on preterm birth.
  • To explore the roles of vaginal and oral microbiomes in premature parturition.
  • To discuss the potential placental microbiome and host genetic influences on pregnancy outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of microbiome studies related to parturition.
  • Focus on state-of-the-art methodologies in microbiome research.

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  • Analysis of emerging research on placental microbiome and host genetics.

    • Main Results:

    • Vaginal and oral microbiomes are implicated in preterm birth.
    • The placenta may harbor its own microbiome, influencing pregnancy.
    • Host genetic factors can alter the pregnancy microbiome.

    Conclusions:

    • The microbiome plays a significant role in preterm birth.
    • Further research into the placental microbiome and host-microbiome interactions is warranted.
    • Targeting the microbiome may offer new strategies for preventing preterm birth.