Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Effects of feedback01:24

Effects of feedback

1.1K
Feedback in control systems plays a critical role in shaping various operational parameters, extending beyond simple error reduction to influence stability, bandwidth, gain, impedance, and sensitivity. Understanding these effects requires examining a basic feedback system characterized by defined input, output, error, and feedback signals.
Feedback significantly modifies the gain of a control system. The gain of a system without feedback is altered by a factor of one plus GH, where G represents...
1.1K
Facial Feedback Hypothesis01:24

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

953
Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role...
953
Feedback Inhibition00:46

Feedback Inhibition

44.1K
Biochemical reactions are occurring constantly in cells, converting starting substances to different products, usually with the help of enzymes that speed the reactions. Without enzymes, it would take far too long for most reactions to occur to be useful to the cell!
44.1K
Feedback Loops01:01

Feedback Loops

43.9K
In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a particular substance, like a hormone, to maintain a certain level before triggering a signal that results in a decrease in further release of the hormone.
43.9K
Root Loci for Positive-Feedback Systems01:23

Root Loci for Positive-Feedback Systems

471
The Hartley oscillator is a positive feedback system that sustains oscillations by feeding the output back to the input in phase, thereby reinforcing the signal. Positive feedback systems can be viewed as negative feedback systems with inverted feedback signals. In these systems, the root locus encompasses all points on the s-plane where the angle of the system transfer function equals 360 degrees.
The construction rules for the root locus in positive feedback systems are similar to those in...
471
Feedback control systems01:26

Feedback control systems

800
Feedback control systems are categorized in various ways based on their design, analysis, and signal types.
Linear feedback systems are theoretical models that simplify analysis and design. These systems operate under the principle that their output is directly proportional to their input within certain ranges. For instance, an amplifier in a control system behaves linearly as long as the input signal remains within a specific range. However, most physical systems exhibit inherent nonlinearity...
800

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Understanding how movement signals shape early social coordination and learning.

Acta psychologica·2026
Same author

Guiding Curiosity: How Learning Progress Shapes Young Children's Exploration of New Toys.

Developmental science·2026
Same author

Infant Vocal Behavior During Contingent Vocal Imitation and Its Interruption as a Window Into the Emerging Sense of Agency.

Infancy : the official journal of the International Society on Infant Studies·2026
Same author

Autonomy in learning: Predictability modulates the beneficial effect of choice on memory.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same author

Pupil dilation offers a time-window on prediction error.

eLife·2026
Same author

The stability of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2 in children aged 14-36 months with elevated likelihood for autism.

Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

An Electrophysiology Protocol to Measure Reward Anticipation and Processing in Children
05:04

An Electrophysiology Protocol to Measure Reward Anticipation and Processing in Children

Published on: October 4, 2018

9.9K

Neural correlates of feedback processing in toddlers.

Marlene Meyer1, Harold Bekkering, Denise J C Janssen

  • 1Radboud University Nijmegen.

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
|January 8, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Toddlers show neural feedback processing similar to adults, evidenced by brain activity differences for correct and incorrect outcomes. This early neural feedback system is linked to better behavioral adjustment in young children.

More Related Videos

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations
06:34

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Published on: July 1, 2015

17.3K
A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG
08:20

A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG

Published on: May 3, 2017

7.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 4, 2026

An Electrophysiology Protocol to Measure Reward Anticipation and Processing in Children
05:04

An Electrophysiology Protocol to Measure Reward Anticipation and Processing in Children

Published on: October 4, 2018

9.9K
Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations
06:34

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Published on: July 1, 2015

17.3K
A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG
08:20

A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG

Published on: May 3, 2017

7.2K

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Electrophysiology

Background:

  • External feedback is crucial for learning, especially in early childhood.
  • Adults exhibit a neural marker for feedback processing, the feedback-related negativity (FRN), linked to the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC).
  • The developmental timeline of neural feedback processing in early childhood remains unclear due to late maturation of frontal brain regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if toddlers exhibit differentiated neural feedback processing.
  • To determine the relationship between neural feedback processing and behavioral adjustment in toddlers.
  • To provide the first neural evidence of feedback processing in early childhood.

Main Methods:

  • An electroencephalogram (EEG) experiment was conducted with 2.5-year-old toddlers.
  • Toddlers played a feedback-guided game on a touchscreen while their brain activity and performance were measured.
  • Analysis focused on electrophysiological responses to correct versus incorrect feedback outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Toddlers displayed differential brain activity to feedback, with a more negative deflection for incorrect outcomes, resembling the adult FRN.
  • This study provides the first neural evidence for feedback processing in toddlers.
  • The amplitude of this neural feedback response predicted toddlers' adaptive behavior during the game.

Conclusions:

  • Toddlers possess a functional neural feedback processing system that is observable via EEG.
  • The strength of neural feedback processing in toddlers is directly associated with their adaptive behavioral performance.
  • Findings highlight the importance of early feedback-based learning and its connection to brain development.