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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

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Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion...
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Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
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Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

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Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
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Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
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Hepatitis E virus infection.

Nassim Kamar1, Harry R Dalton, Florence Abravanel

  • 1Department of Nephrology and Organ Transplantation, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse, France.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews
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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is a global concern often underdiagnosed due to sensitive tests. This review covers HEV

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is a significant worldwide disease with evolving knowledge on its reservoirs and transmission.
  • Hepatitis E is frequently underdiagnosed, partly due to limitations in sensitive serological assays, although diagnostic tools have improved.
  • Clinical presentations and epidemiology of Hepatitis E vary significantly between developing and developed nations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the current understanding of Hepatitis E virus.
  • To summarize the epidemiology, diagnostics, natural history, and management of HEV infection globally.
  • To highlight the differences in HEV infection between developing and developed countries.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on Hepatitis E virus.
  • Synthesis of data on HEV reservoirs, transmission, and diagnostic advancements.
  • Analysis of clinical features, natural history, and treatment strategies for HEV.

Main Results:

  • HEV infection typically presents as acute, self-limiting illness but can lead to chronic infection and cirrhosis in immunocompromised individuals in developed countries.
  • Extrahepatic manifestations, including neurological syndromes and renal injury, are associated with HEV infection.
  • Management strategies differ based on disease chronicity and patient population, involving immunosuppression reduction or antiviral therapy for chronic cases.

Conclusions:

  • Improved diagnostic tools are crucial for accurate HEV detection and understanding its global impact.
  • Chronic HEV infection and its complications, particularly in developed countries, require specific management approaches.
  • A thorough understanding of HEV's virology, epidemiology, and clinical spectrum is essential for effective control and treatment.