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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers01:51

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Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Subviral Agents01:29

Subviral Agents

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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

Functional Imaging of Viral Transcription Factories Using 3D Fluorescence Microscopy
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Viral factors in non-progression.

Bin Wang1

  • 1Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW , Australia.

Frontiers in Immunology
|January 9, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Long-term non-progressors with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) may harbor attenuated viral strains with gene defects. Understanding these viral factors is key to new HIV therapies.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • A small subset of HIV-1 infected individuals remain therapy-naive and experience prolonged non-progressive disease.
  • The mechanisms behind non-progressive HIV disease are complex, involving viral, host genetic, and immunological factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the specific viral factors, particularly defects in viral genes, that contribute to non-progressive HIV disease.
  • To explore how understanding these viral defects can inform new therapeutic strategies against HIV.

Main Methods:

  • Genomic sequencing of HIV-1 strains from long-term non-progressors.
  • Analysis of mutations, including single nucleotide polymorphisms and large deletions, in viral genes.
  • Review of existing literature on virological features of non-progressive HIV disease.
Keywords:
HIVNefaccessory genesgenetic mutationnon-progressive diseasevpr

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Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors
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Main Results:

  • Some long-term non-progressors are infected with attenuated strains of HIV-1.
  • These attenuated strains exhibit mutations in structural, regulatory, and accessory genes.
  • Defects in viral genes appear to play a significant role in guiding non-progressive HIV disease.

Conclusions:

  • Defects in HIV-1 genes are a critical factor in non-progressive disease.
  • Elucidating the function of these defective viral strains can enhance understanding of HIV pathogenesis.
  • Further research into viral gene defects may lead to novel therapeutic approaches for HIV infection.