Mono-, few-, and multiple layers of copper antimony sulfide (CuSbS2): a ternary layered sulfide

Layered materials with controlled thickness down to monolayer are being intensively investigated for unraveling and harnessing their dimension-dependent properties. Copper antimony sulfide (CuSbS2) is a ternary layered semiconductor material that has been considered as an absorber material in thin film solar cells due to its optimal band gap (∼1.5 eV) with high absorption coefficient of over >10(4) cm(-1). We have for the first time developed solution-based approaches for the synthesis of mono-, few-, and multiple layers of CuSbS2. These include a colloidal bottom-up approach for the synthesis of CuSbS2 nanoplates with thicknesses from six layers to several layers, and a hybrid bottom-up-top-down approach for the formation of CuSbS2 mesobelts. The latter can be exfoliated by Li-ion intercalation and sonication to obtain layers down to monolayer thickness. Time-dependent TEM studies provide important insights into the growth mechanism of mesobelts. At the initial stage the nanoplates grow laterally to form nanosheets as the primary structure, followed by their folding and attachment through homoepitaxy to form prolate-like secondary structures. Eventually, these prolate-like structures form mesocrystals by oriented attachment crystal growth. The changes in optical properties with layer thickness down to monolayers have been studied. In order to understand the thickness-dependent optical and electrical properties, we have calculated the electronic structures of mono- and multiple layers (bulk) of CuSbS2 using the hybrid functional method (HSE 06). We find that the monolayers exhibit noticeably different properties from the multilayered or the bulk system, with a markedly increased band gap that is, however, compromised by the presence of localized surface states. These localized states are predominantly composed of energetically favorable Sb pz states, which break off from the rest of the Sb p states that would otherwise be at the top of the gap. The developed solution-based synthesis approaches are versatile and can likely be extended to other complex layered sulfides.