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Updated: May 4, 2026

A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition
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Low-dose levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol patch and pill: a randomized controlled trial.

Andrew M Kaunitz1, David Portman, Carolyn L Westhoff

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida; the Columbus Center for Women's Health Research, Columbus, Ohio; Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York; the Jones Institute for Reproductive Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; ARSTAT, Flemington, New Jersey; and Agile Therapeutics, Inc, Princeton, New Jersey.

Obstetrics and Gynecology
|January 10, 2014
PubMed
Summary

A new low-dose contraceptive patch containing levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol demonstrated comparable efficacy and safety to a combination oral contraceptive pill. Both methods showed similar compliance and unscheduled bleeding profiles, with the patch being well-tolerated.

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