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Extreme winter temperature and birth defects: a population-based case-control study.

Alissa R Van Zutphen1, Wan-Hsiang Hsu1, Shao Lin1

  • 1New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Environmental & Occupational Epidemiology, Empire State Plaza, Corning Tower, Room 1203, Albany, NY 12237, United States; University at Albany, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, One University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States.

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Extreme winter cold, including cold spells, is linked to an increased risk of coarctation of the aorta in newborns. This finding highlights potential risks for pregnant women due to climate change.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Epidemiology
  • Reproductive Health
  • Teratology

Background:

  • Investigating the impact of extreme winter temperatures on pregnancy outcomes.
  • Assessing maternal vulnerability to climate change-related weather extremes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the relationship between extreme winter temperatures and birth defects.
  • To identify specific developmental windows susceptible to cold exposure during embryogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Population-based case-control study using New York State birth data (1992-2006).
  • Linked birth defects registry with birth certificates.
  • Assigned meteorological data to maternal residence, focusing on gestational weeks 3-8.
  • Defined extreme cold days and cold spells, analyzing temperature data for the first trimester.

Main Results:

  • Coarctation of the aorta showed a significant association with decreased mean temperature, cold spells, and extreme cold days.
  • Reduced odds for hypoplastic left heart syndrome and dislocated hip were observed with some cold indicators.
  • The study analyzed 30 birth defect groups, with coarctation of the aorta being the most consistently associated.

Conclusions:

  • While most birth defects were not linked to cold exposure, a notable association was found between cold indicators and coarctation of the aorta.
  • The findings suggest a specific vulnerability during the early developmental window of embryogenesis.
  • Further replication studies are warranted to confirm these associations and inform public health strategies.