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Flow Cytometry

Flow Cytometry

The development of flow cytometry techniques began in 1934 with initial attempts by Andrew Moldavan, a bacteriologist who counted the cells in a flowing capillary system. Moldavan pumped cells through a capillary tube focused under a microscope for visualization. The invention of photometry allowed the measurement of differentially-stained cells, and Louis Kamentsky developed the first multiparameter flow cytometer in 1965 to identify and count the cancer cells in cervical tissue specimens.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

Ovarian Cancer Detection Using Photoacoustic Flow Cytometry

Ovarian Cancer Detection Using Photoacoustic Flow Cytometry

Published on: January 17, 2020

Optical clearing in photoacoustic flow cytometry.

Yulian A Menyaev¹, Dmitry A Nedosekin¹, Mustafa Sarimollaoglu¹

¹Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA.

Biomedical Optics Express

|January 11, 2014

Summary

This study introduces a rapid optical clearing (OC) method to improve photoacoustic (PA) flow cytometry (PAFC) sensitivity for detecting circulating tumor cells. OC enhances PA signal and resolution by reducing light scattering in deep tissues.

Keywords:

(110.5125) Photoacoustics (170.3660) Light propagation in tissues (170.6935) Tissue characterization (330.6130) Spatial resolution

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Last Updated: May 4, 2026

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Area of Science:

Biomedical optics
Medical imaging
Flow cytometry

Background:

Photoacoustic (PA) flow cytometry (PAFC) shows promise for detecting circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in deep blood vessels.
Clinical applications are limited by laser beam scattering, reducing PAFC sensitivity and resolution.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and evaluate a biocompatible and rapid optical clearing (OC) method to enhance PAFC performance.
To minimize light scattering in biological tissues for improved optical resolution and sensitivity.

Main Methods:

A 20-minute OC protocol involving skin cleaning, microdermabrasion, and glycerol application with massage and sonophoresis.
In vitro phantom studies using a 0.8 mm mouse skin layer over a blood vessel.
Evaluation of laser spot blurring, PA signal amplitude, and detection rates of melanoma cells.

Main Results:

Demonstrated a 1.6-fold decrease in laser spot blurring and a 1.6-fold increase in PA signal amplitude.
Achieved a 1.7-fold increase in the peak detection rate of B16F10 melanoma cells in blood flow.
Showcased improved PA contrast for human hand veins using the OC method.

Conclusions:

Rapid optical clearing is effective in reducing light scattering and enhancing PAFC sensitivity and resolution.
The developed OC method offers a viable strategy for improving deep tissue imaging and CTC detection.
This technique holds potential for advancing clinical applications of PAFC and PA imaging.