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Interactions between zinc deficiency and environmental enteropathy in developing countries.

Greta W Lindenmayer1, Rebecca J Stoltzfus, Andrew J Prendergast

  • 1Zvitambo Institute for Maternal Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe.

Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)
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Summary

Zinc deficiency and environmental enteropathy (EE) significantly impact global health. This review highlights how EE impairs zinc absorption and how zinc deficiency worsens EE, creating a detrimental cycle affecting child development.

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Area of Science:

  • Global Health
  • Nutritional Science
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Zinc deficiency impacts 20% of the global population, causing significant illness and death.
  • Environmental enteropathy (EE) is a widespread intestinal condition in developing nations, affecting growth and long-term health.
  • EE is characterized by altered intestinal structure and function, leading to widespread health issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the interconnectedness of zinc deficiency and environmental enteropathy (EE).
  • To present evidence on how these two conditions interact and influence each other.
  • To understand the combined impact on morbidity and mortality in developing countries.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing existing research on zinc deficiency and EE.
  • Analysis of the pathophysiological mechanisms linking EE and zinc homeostasis.
  • Examination of evidence for the exacerbation of EE pathways by zinc deficiency.

Main Results:

  • Environmental enteropathy impairs zinc absorption by damaging intestinal architecture.
  • Zinc deficiency exacerbates key EE pathways, including increased intestinal permeability, infection, and inflammation.
  • Ongoing zinc deficiency perpetuates EE's negative effects like malabsorption and reduced immune response.

Conclusions:

  • Zinc deficiency and EE have a significant, bidirectional relationship.
  • Zinc deficiency may play a role in the development and progression of EE.
  • Understanding this interaction is crucial for developing combined interventions to improve child health outcomes.