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Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

A Mini-Invasive Internal Fixation Technique for Studying Immobilization-Induced Knee Flexion Contracture in Rats
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A Mini-Invasive Internal Fixation Technique for Studying Immobilization-Induced Knee Flexion Contracture in Rats

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Enzyme immobilization: an update.

Ahmad Abolpour Homaei1, Reyhaneh Sariri2, Fabio Vianello3

  • 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hormozgan, Bandarabbas, Iran.

Journal of Chemical Biology
|January 17, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Enzyme immobilization enhances enzyme stability and reusability, offering advantages like easy separation and continuous processing for industrial applications. This review covers recent advancements in immobilization techniques and their diverse uses.

Keywords:
BiocatalystEnzyme immobilizationEnzyme reuse

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Biochemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Free enzymes in solution are susceptible to environmental changes.
  • Enzyme immobilization offers improved robustness and resistance.
  • Immobilized enzyme systems facilitate easier separation and reuse.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent literature on enzyme immobilization techniques.
  • To highlight the necessity and industrial applications of enzyme immobilization.
  • To cover advancements over the last two decades.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific papers.
  • Analysis of patents related to enzyme immobilization.
  • Synthesis of information from existing reviews.

Main Results:

  • Immobilization enhances enzyme stability and resistance to varied conditions.
  • Heterogeneous immobilized enzyme systems enable straightforward recovery of enzymes and products.
  • Key benefits include enzyme reusability, continuous operation, and flexible bioreactor design.

Conclusions:

  • Enzyme immobilization is crucial for industrial enzymatic processes.
  • Various techniques offer tailored solutions for specific applications.
  • Recent literature shows significant progress in immobilization strategies and applications.