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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

86
Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
86
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

25
Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion...
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Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

28
Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
28
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

2.1K
Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not...
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

271
In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...
271
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

53
DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic...
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Related Experiment Video

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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
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Hepatitis E: an emerging disease.

María Teresa Pérez-Gracia1, Beatriz Suay1, María Luisa Mateos-Lindemann2

  • 1Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Farmacia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Avenida Seminario s/n 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain.

Infection, Genetics and Evolution : Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics in Infectious Diseases
|January 18, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a global health concern, causing acute hepatitis. This review updates knowledge on HEV

Keywords:
HEVHepatitis EHepatitis E virusZoonotic disease

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Area of Science:

  • * Virology and Epidemiology
  • * Public Health
  • * Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • * Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the leading cause of acute hepatitis worldwide, affecting approximately one-third of the global population in endemic areas.
  • * HEV outbreaks are common in developing countries, often linked to poor sanitation and natural disasters, while genotypes 3 and 4 show zoonotic potential in developed nations.
  • * The virus poses significant risks, particularly to pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals, potentially leading to chronic liver disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To provide a comprehensive update on the molecular, epidemiological, clinical, and preventive aspects of Hepatitis E.
  • * To highlight diagnostic challenges and current treatment approaches for HEV infection.
  • * To underscore HEV as an emergent global health issue requiring continued research and surveillance.

Main Methods:

  • * Review of current scientific literature on Hepatitis E virus.
  • * Analysis of diagnostic methods including serological tests (anti-HEV IgG/IgM) and molecular techniques (RT-PCR).
  • * Examination of epidemiological data, clinical presentations, and treatment outcomes.

Main Results:

  • * HEV genotypes 1 and 2 are associated with epidemics in developing countries, while genotypes 3 and 4 have zoonotic origins and are found in both humans and animals globally.
  • * RT-PCR is the definitive diagnostic method, identifying HEV RNA and genotype, crucial for accurate diagnosis and management.
  • * While generally acute, HEV can lead to chronic hepatitis in transplant recipients and HIV-infected individuals, and poses risks during pregnancy.

Conclusions:

  • * Hepatitis E is a significant and emergent global health threat requiring enhanced diagnostic and preventive strategies.
  • * Understanding HEV genotypes and transmission routes is critical for controlling its spread, especially considering its zoonotic potential.
  • * Further research into effective antiviral therapies and public health interventions is necessary to manage HEV infections effectively.