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Interpreting R Charts01:22

Interpreting R Charts

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R chart, or range chart, is a fundamental tool in statistical process control used to monitor the variability within a process. It complements the X-bar (x̄) chart by focusing on the range of the data, rather than individual values, providing a clear picture of the process dispersion over time.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Author Spotlight: Understanding Riverine Nitrogen Impacts and Primary Productivity for Effective Nutrient Management
05:04

Author Spotlight: Understanding Riverine Nitrogen Impacts and Primary Productivity for Effective Nutrient Management

Published on: July 14, 2023

946

Research and development productivity map: visualization of industry status.

H Shimura1, S Masuda, H Kimura

  • 1Pharmaco-Business Innovation Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.

Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics
|January 21, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Pharmaceutical companies with lower research and development (R&D) efficiency are more prone to industry consolidation. Poor R&D effectiveness also led to acquisitions or business model changes for some firms.

Keywords:
R&D effectivenessR&D efficiencyR&D productivitydata envelopment analysisindustry consolidationresearch and development

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Last Updated: May 3, 2026

Author Spotlight: Understanding Riverine Nitrogen Impacts and Primary Productivity for Effective Nutrient Management
05:04

Author Spotlight: Understanding Riverine Nitrogen Impacts and Primary Productivity for Effective Nutrient Management

Published on: July 14, 2023

946

Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical industry analysis
  • Business strategy and economics

Background:

  • Declining research and development (R&D) productivity is a significant concern in the pharmaceutical sector.
  • This decline is linked to industry consolidation and has drawn scholarly attention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To visualize pharmaceutical industry R&D productivity using an R&D productivity map.
  • To investigate the relationship between decreased R&D productivity and industry consolidation.

Main Methods:

  • R&D productivity was measured by decomposing it into R&D efficiency and R&D effectiveness.
  • Scores were calculated using a two-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA).
  • A multiple regression model analyzed the link between DEA scores and merger/acquisition data.

Main Results:

  • Companies with lower R&D efficiency scores demonstrated a higher likelihood of engaging in consolidation.
  • Three US pharmaceutical companies with the lowest R&D effectiveness were either acquired or altered their business strategies.

Conclusions:

  • The R&D productivity map effectively visualizes and identifies behavioral commonalities among companies.
  • This tool can aid in monitoring and improving overall industry R&D productivity.