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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Source And Potency Of Stem Cells01:27

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with extensive self-renewal properties that help them maintain their population during the fetal and adult stages of life. They can specialize in all cell types of the human body. However, their differential potential may vary and can be classified into five types. Stem cells can be (1) Totipotent, (2) Pluripotent, (3) Multipotent, (4) Oligopotent, and (5) Unipotent. Each stem cell has a specific origin; the fertilized egg or zygote is a totipotent cell and...
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After cellular or tissue damage, the resident stem cells present in the human body can locally repair and regenerate the damaged tissue or organ. However, even though some tissues do not have stem cells, they can repair and regenerate with the help of pre-existing cells. For example, beta cells of the pancreas and hepatocytes of the liver can divide to renew and regenerate the tissue. Here, both cell division and cell death are well regulated by homeostasis.
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The liver is an important organ in vertebrates that plays an essential role in metabolism. It is also responsible for storing and redistributing nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins in the body. Additionally, the liver releases bile salts which are critical for digesting food and eliminating toxic metabolites from the body.
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Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Hepatocyte-like Cells for Drug Discovery
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Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Hepatocyte-like Cells for Drug Discovery

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Pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells.

R E Schwartz1, H E Fleming2, S R Khetani3

  • 1Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, USA.

Biotechnology Advances
|January 21, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells (iHLCs) offer potential for liver disease research and therapy. However, iHLCs exhibit immature functions, limiting their clinical application.

Keywords:
Drug metabolismHepatocytes, DifferentiationLiverStem cellsiPSC

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Efficient Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Liver Cells
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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Hepatology
  • Regenerative medicine

Background:

  • Liver disease affects millions globally, with limited donor organs for transplantation.
  • Current alternative cell sources like fetal hepatocytes and cell lines are unreliable.
  • Pluripotent stem cells offer a potential renewable source for hepatocyte-like cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in deriving hepatocyte-like cells from pluripotent stem cells.
  • To highlight key characterization assays for these cells.
  • To discuss challenges and future directions for inducing hepatocyte maturation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on stem cell differentiation into hepatocyte-like cells.
  • Analysis of phenotypic and functional characteristics of induced hepatocyte-like cells (iHLCs).
  • Comparison of iHLCs with primary adult human hepatocytes.

Main Results:

  • iPS cells can be efficiently differentiated into iHLCs with some hepatic functions.
  • iHLCs exhibit immature phenotypes, expressing fetal markers and lacking mature detoxification enzyme activity.
  • Significant differences exist between iHLCs and adult hepatocytes, limiting current applications.

Conclusions:

  • iHLCs show promise for in vitro disease modeling and drug screening.
  • Further research into hepatocyte maturation pathways is crucial for clinical applications.
  • Maturation of iHLCs is necessary for their use in cell-based therapies.